William Johnstone Ritchie
Sir William Johnstone Ritchie | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 2nd Chief Justice of Canada | |
| In office January 11, 1879 – September 25, 1892 | |
| Nominated by | Sir John A. Macdonald |
| Preceded by | William Buell Richards |
| Succeeded by | Samuel Henry Strong |
| Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada | |
| In office September 30, 1875 – January 11, 1879 | |
| Nominated by | Alexander Mackenzie |
| Preceded by | new office |
| Succeeded by | John Wellington Gwynne |
| 7th Chief Justice of New Brunswick | |
| In office 1865–1875 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Parker |
| Succeeded by | John Campbell Allen |
| Personal details | |
| Born | October 28, 1813 Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia |
| Died | September 25, 1892 (aged 78) Ottawa, Ontario |
| Resting place | Beechwood Cemetery, Ottawa, Ontario |
| Spouses | Martha Strang
(m. 1843; died 1847)Grace Vernon Nicholson
(m. 1856) |
Sir William Johnstone Ritchie (October 28, 1813 – September 25, 1892) was one of the first judges appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada. He became the second chief justice of the court, and the second-longest serving Chief Justice to date.[citation needed]
Life and career
[edit]Ritchie was born in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, to Thomas Ritchie and Elizabeth Wildman Johnstone. He graduated from the Pictou Academy and went to study law in Halifax in the office of his brother, John William Ritchie. He was called to the bar of Nova Scotia in 1837 but moved to Saint John, New Brunswick, and was called to the bar of that province the following year.[1]
In 1846 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick. In keeping with his pledge to resign if a fellow Liberal candidate failed to win a by-election, he gave up his seat in 1851, only to be re-elected three years later. In 1855 he left politics to accept an appointment to the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and 10 years later he was named Chief Justice of New Brunswick. In 1869, during the development of one of the early drafts of the Supreme Court Act, Ritchie produced a 24 page document criticizing the draft bill for eroding the jurisdiction of provincial courts.[2] Ritchie also advocated for abolishing the vast majority of appeals to the Privy Council,[2] which would not occur in Canada until 1949. Ritchie also suggested that the original Supreme Court would have the best judges from the provincial courts as the first appointments, a suggestion historian Ian Bushnell suggests would have improved the reputation of the Court in it's early years.[3]
Supreme Court of Canada
[edit]He was appointed to the newly established Supreme Court of Canada on September 30, 1875, and a month later on November 8 took his oath of office from Chief Justice William Buell Richards along with the four other puisne justices: Samuel Henry Strong, Jean-Thomas Taschereau, Télesphore Fournier, William Alexander Henry.[4] Ritchie was appointed at the age of 62 after 20 years of serving as a Judge. His appointment to the Supreme Court was described by historian Bushnell as perfectly "logical and unimpeachable".[5]
In January 1879, Chief Justice William Buell Richards resigned following pressure from his longtime friend, Prime Minister Macdonald,[6] likely due to his deteriorating health.[7] On January 11, 1879, Ritchie was elevated by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald to Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.[8][7] Three days later, John Wellington Gwynne was appointed to fill his seat on the Court.[9] Macdonald's decision to appoint Ritchie was seen as a non-partisan decision as the outgoing Liberal government had intended to elevate Ritchie as the senior justice to Chief Justice position.[7]
Ritchie's tenure as Chief Justice has been criticized by historians for failing to bring coherence and unity to the Court.[1] Individual members of the court such as Ritchie's successor as Chief Justice Samuel Henry Strong were described as rude and having a bad temper.[1] Justice Strong was critical of Ritchie,[10] making private comments that he made "absurd rules" in a judgement, and that his priority was the speed of appeals.[11]
As a judge, Ritchie was criticized for his courtroom behaviour, being described by his contemporaries as having a "temper quick and ardent", and being rude and boorish, but still able to keep hist temper under control.[11][1]
He served on the Supreme Court for 17 years until he died on September 25, 1892.[12][1]
Family life
[edit]Ritchie was twice married. He was first married to Martha Strang at Rothesay on September 21, 1843.[1][13] She was the daughter of John Strang, a shipping merchant from St. Andrews.[1] Together they had a son and daughter, and Martha Ritchie died four years later in 1847.[1] Ritchie's second marriage was at Saint John, New Brunswick on May 5, 1856, to Grace Vernon Nicholson (1838–1911).[1] She was the daughter of the late Captain Thomas L. Nicholson and his wife Amy (née Vernon) and stepdaughter of Vice-Admiral William Fitzwilliam Owen, R.N. Seven sons and five daughters were born to this marriage.[1]
Sir William and Lady Ritchie are buried in Beechwood Cemetery, Ottawa.[citation needed]
Ritchie's great-nephew, Roland Ritchie, served as a puisne justice of the Supreme Court.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bale, Gordon; Mellett, E. Bruce (1990). "Ritchie, Sir William Johnston". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ a b Bushnell 1992, p. 9.
- ^ Bushnell 1992, p. 12.
- ^ Snell & Vaughan 1985, p. 17.
- ^ Bushnell 1992, p. 42.
- ^ Snell & Vaughan 1985, p. 26.
- ^ a b c Bushnell 1992, p. 88.
- ^ Snell & Vaughan 1985, p. 27.
- ^ Snell & Vaughan 1985, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Bushnell 1992, p. 90.
- ^ a b Snell & Vaughan 1985, p. 40.
- ^ Snell & Vaughan 1985, p. 52.
- ^ Johnson, Daniel (21 October 1843). "Daniel F Johnson's New Brunswick Newspaper Vital Statistics". New Brunswick Courier. Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Girard, Philip (1998). "Ritchie, William Bruce Almon". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
Further reading
[edit]- Bale, Gordon (1991). Chief Justice William Johnstone Ritchie: Responsible Government and Judicial Review. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-8072-5.
- Bushnell, Ian (1992). Captive Court: A Study of the Supreme Court of Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-0851-4.
- McCormick, Peter (2000), Supreme at last: the evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada, J. Lorimer, ISBN 978-1-55028-693-9
- Snell, James G.; Vaughan, Frederick (1985). The Supreme Court of Canada: History of the Institution. Toronto: The Osgoode Society. ISBN 978-0-8020-3417-5.
External links
[edit]- Supreme Court of Canada Biography
- "William Johnstone Ritchie". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2016.
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